using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 
class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
    Allocation();
    Argument();
    Return();
    Load();
    Console.Read();
    }
 
    static void Allocation()
    {
    const int max = 1000000;
    var a = new Tuple<string, string>("", "");
    var b = new KeyValuePair<string, string>("", "");
 
    var s1 = Stopwatch.StartNew();
    for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
    {
        var tuple = new Tuple<string, string>("cat", "dog");
    }
    s1.Stop();
    var s2 = Stopwatch.StartNew();
    for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
    {
        var pair = new KeyValuePair<string, string>("cat", "dog");
    }
    s2.Stop();
    Console.WriteLine(((double)(s1.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds * 1000000) /
        max).ToString("0.00 ns"));
    Console.WriteLine(((double)(s2.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds * 1000000) /
        max).ToString("0.00 ns"));
    Console.WriteLine();
    }
 
    static void Argument()
    {
    const int max = 10000000;
    var a = new Tuple<
string, string>("", "");
    var b = new KeyValuePair<string, string>("", "");
    X(a);
    X(b);
 
    var s1 = Stopwatch.StartNew();
    for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
    {
        X(a);
    }
    s1.Stop();
    var s2 = Stopwatch.StartNew();
    for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
    {
        X(b);
    }
    s2.Stop();
    Console.WriteLine(((double)(s1.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds * 1000000) /
        max).ToString("0.00 ns"));
    Console.WriteLine(((double)(s2.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds * 1000000) /
        max).ToString("0.00 ns"));
    Console.WriteLine();
    }
 
    static void Return()
    {
    const int max = 10000000;
    var a = new Tuple<string, string>("", "");
    var b = new KeyValuePair<string, string>("", "");
    Y(a);
    Y(b);
 
    var s1 = Stopwatch.StartNew();
    for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
    {
        Y(a);
    }
    s1.Stop();
    var s2 = Stopwatch.StartNew();
    for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
    {
        Y(b);
    }
    s2.Stop();
    Console.WriteLine(((double)(s1.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds * 1000000) /
        max).ToString("0.00 ns"));
    Console.WriteLine(((double)(s2.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds * 1000000) /
        max).ToString("0.00 ns"));
    Console.WriteLine();
    }
 
    static void Load()
    {
    const int max = 10000000;
    var a = new Tuple<string, string>("cat", "dog");
    var b = new KeyValuePair<string, string>("cat", "dog");
    List<Tuple<string, string>> list1 = new List<Tuple<string, string>>();
    list1.Add(a);
    Z(list1);
 
    List<KeyValuePair<string, string>> list2 = new List<KeyValuePair<string, string>>();
    list2.Add(b);
    Z(list2);
 
    var s1 = Stopwatch.StartNew();
    for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
    {
        Z(list1);
    }
    s1.Stop();
    var s2 = Stopwatch.StartNew();
    for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
    {
        Z(list2);
    }
    s2.Stop();
    Console.WriteLine(((double)(s1.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds * 1000000) /
        max).ToString("0.00 ns"));
    Console.WriteLine(((double)(s2.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds * 1000000) /
        max).ToString("0.00 ns"));
    Console.WriteLine();
    }
 
    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.NoInlining)]
    static void X(Tuple<string, string> a)
    {
    }
 
    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.NoInlining)]
    static void X(KeyValuePair<string, string> a)
    {
    }
 
    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.NoInlining)]
    static Tuple<string, string> Y(Tuple<string, string> a)
    {
    return a;
    }
 
    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.NoInlining)]
    static KeyValuePair<string, string> Y(KeyValuePair<string, string> a)
    {
    return a;
    }
 
    static char Z(List<Tuple<string, string>> list)
    {
    return list[0].Item1[0];
    }
 
    static char Z(List<KeyValuePair<string, string>> list)
    {
    return list[0].Key[0];
    }
}